Extinct Molluscs
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Many molluscs have already disappeared from this earth. And many will follow them if we don't protect them and their habitats better. The 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has listed 296 molluscs as extinct since 1500 AD. These molluscs consist of 257 snail species and 5 snail subspecies (Gastropoda), and 31 bivalve species and 3 bivalve subspecies (Bivalvia). The subjoined list contains 270 snail species and 8 snail subspecies, and 31 bivalve species and 3 bivalve subspecies. Tuesday 3 May 2005, a news release from The Nature Conservancy indicated that three snail species have been rediscovered. The cobble elimia (Elimia vanuxemiana) and the Nodulose Coosa River snail (Elimia lachryma) were rediscovered in the Coosa River by Jeff Garner of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Cahaba pebblesnail (Clappia cahabensis) had been rediscovered by Stephanie Clark, a postdoctoral student, in the Cahaba River south of Birmingham (Alabama, USA). These species have been removed from the subjoined list, but the 2007 IUCN Red List still classifies them as extinct. According to the IUCN the rediscovery requires confirmation before the species status can be reassessed, but it is likely to be Critically Endangered. |
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| Extinctions of US freshwater molluscs, an overlooked catastrophe. Freshwater extinctions have been best documented in the United States, where 107 such species are known to have been lost. Molluscs (mussels and snails) in particular have been seriously affected: 78 of the 107 freshwater species extinctions in the US are molluscs. The leading cause for these extinctions is thought to be habitat destruction and alteration due to dam construction, which has turned most large free-flowing rivers in the US into a series of impoundments. However, pollution and invasive alien species (e.g., zebra mussels) have also already affected mollusc populations and continue to threaten many species. These problems are not restricted to the United States, and are likely having significant impact on freshwater faunas worldwide. | ||
| The demise of Polynesian Partula snails. Over the last 30 years, French Polynesia has seen one of the most dramatic examples of extinction caused by an invasive species. Seventy-two percent of the Partula snail species native to the Society Islands have gone extinct as a result of the introduced predatory wolf snail (Euglandina rosea). The wolf snail was originally introduced to Tahiti in 1975 as a biological control agent with the aim of halting the spread of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica). However, it instead developed a taste for the smaller Partulid snails and their rapid decline began. The invasive Wolf Snail was not confined to Tahiti. It spread rapidly, at a rate of approximately 1.5 km2 per year. By 1977 it had reached Moorea and by 1992 it was present on all six Society Islands. The greatest loss of Partulid diversity occurred on the island of Raiatea. In a twelve-year period following the introduction of the wolf snail in 1986, all 33 native Partula species disappeared in the wild. Just four of Raiatea’s Partula species remain alive in captivity. It is possible that the only species in the genus Samoana (S. attenuata) has also disappeared. | ||
|
Bivalves
(Bivalvia) 31 species / 3 subspecies |
Snails
(Gastropoda) 270 species / 8 subspecies |
| Missing (0) | Extinct in the Wild (14) |
| Not Recognised (1) | Other Animal Groups |
| Bivalve species (31) | |||
| Scientific Name | Common Name | TEW Status | IUCN Status |
| Alasmidonta mccordi | Coosa Elktoe |
EX |
|
|
Alasmidonta robusta |
Carolina Elktoe | EX | EX |
| Alasmidonta wrightiana | Ochlockonee Arcmussel | EX | EX |
| Elliptio nigella | Recovery Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma arcaeformis | Arc-form Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma biemarginata | Angled Riffleshell | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma flexuosa | Arcuate Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma haysiana | Acorn Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma lenior | Stone's Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma lewisii | Lewis Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma personata | Fine-rayed Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma propingua | Nearby Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma sampsonii | Sampson's Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma stewardsonii | Steward's Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma turgidula | Turgid-blossom Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Lampsilis binominata | Lined Pocketbook | EX | EX |
| Medionodus mcglameriae | Tombigbee Moccasinshell | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema altum | Highnut | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema avellanum | Hazel Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema bournianum | Scioto Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema flavidulum | Yellow Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema hagleri | Brown Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema hanleyianum | Georgia Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema johannis | Alabama Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema murrayense | Coosa Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema nucleopsis | Longnut | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema rubellum | Warrior Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema taitianum | Heavy Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema troschelianum | Alabama Clubshell | EX | EX |
| Pleurobema verum | True Pigtoe | EX | EX |
| Unio cariei | Réunion Freshwater Mussel | EX | EX |
| Bivalve subspecies (3) | |||
| Scientific Name | Common Name | TEW Status | IUCN Status |
| Epioblasma florentina florentina | Yellow-blossom Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum | Green-blossom Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Epioblasma torulosa torulosa | Tubercled-blossom Pearly Mussel | EX | EX |
| Snail species (270) | |||
| Scientific Name | Common Name | TEW Status | IUCN Status |
| Achatinella
abbreviata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
buddii |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
caesia |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
casta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
|
Achatinella decora |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
dimorpha |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
elegans |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
juddii |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
juncea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
lehuiensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
|
Achatinella
livida |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
papyracea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
spaldingi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
thaanumi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
valida |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Advena campbelli |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra albolabris |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra cornea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra crassilabrum |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra elongata | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra forbesi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra pellucida |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra porcus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra reticulata | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra subrostrata | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra subsoror |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra tenuispira |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amastra umbilicata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Amphigyra alabamensis | Shoal Sprit |
EX | EX |
| Angrobia
dulvertonensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Auriculella expansa | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Auriculella uniplicata | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Beddomeia
tumida |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Belgrandia varica | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Belgandiella
intermedia |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Bythiospeum pfeifferi | Unknown | EX | EN |
|
Caldwellia philyrina |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Campolaemus perexilis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia anceophila |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia bicolor |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia cochlea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia cumingiana |
Unknown | EX | EX |
|
Carelia dolei |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia evelynae |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia glossema |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia hyattiana |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia kalalauensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
|
Carelia knudseni |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia lirata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia lymani |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia mirabilis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia necra | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia olivacea | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia paradoxa | Unknown | EX | EX |
|
Carelia periscelis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia pilsbryi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia sinclairi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia tenebrosa |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Carelia turricula |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Chilonopsis blofeldi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Chilonopsis exulatus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Chilonopsis helena |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Chilonopsis melanoides |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Chilonopsis nonpareil |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Chilonopsis subplicatus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Chilonopsis subtruncatus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Chilonopsis turtoni |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Clappia umbilicata | Umbilicate Pebblesnail |
EX | EX |
| Collisella edmitchelli |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Colparion madgei |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Ctenoglypta newtoni |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Cyclophorus
horridulum |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Cyclophorus
mariei |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Diastole matafaoi | Mount
Matafao Different Snail |
EX | EX |
| Discus engonatus | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Discula lyelliana | Unknown | EX | CR |
| Discus retextus | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Discula tetrica | Unknown | EX | CR |
| Discus textilis | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Dupontia proletaria |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Elimia brevis | Short-spired
Elimia |
EX | EX |
| Elimia clausa | Closed Elimia |
EX | EX |
| Elimia fusiformis | Fusiform
Elimia |
EX | EX |
| Elimia gibbera | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Elimia hartmaniana | High-spired Elimia |
EX | EX |
| Elimia impressa | Constricted
Elimia |
EX | EX |
| Elimia jonesi | Hearty Elimia |
EX | EX |
| Elimia laeta | Ribbed Elimia |
EX | EX |
| Elimia macglameriana |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Elimia pilsbryi | Rough-lined Elimia | EX | EX |
| Elimia pupaeformis | Pupa
Elimia |
EX | EX |
| Elimia pygmaea | Pygmy Elimia |
EX | EX |
| Elimia varians | Puzzle Elimia | EX | EX |
| Erepta nevilli |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Gastrocopta
chichijimana |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Gastrocopta
ogasawarana |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Geomitra delphinuloides | Unknown | EX | CR |
| Geomitra grabhami | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Gibbus lyonetianus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Gonidomus newtoni |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Gonospira nevilli |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Graecoanatolica macedonica | Unknown (from Greece and Macedonia) | EX | EX |
| Gulella mayottensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Gyralina hausdorfi | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
|
Gyrotoma excisa |
Excised
Slitshell |
EX | EX |
| Gyrotoma lewisii | Striate
Slitshell |
EX | EX |
| Gyrotoma pagoda | Pagoda
Slitshell |
EX | EX |
| Gyrotoma pumila | Ribbed
Slitshell |
EX | EX |
| Gyrotoma pyramidata | Pyramid
Slitshell |
EX | EX |
| Gyrotoma walkeri | Round
Slitshell |
EX | EX |
| Harmogenanina linophora |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Harmogenanina subdetecta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Helenoconcha
leptalea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Helenoconcha
minutissima |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Helenoconcha
polyodon |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Helenoconcha
pseustes |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Helenoconcha
sexdentata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Helenodiscus
bilamellata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Helenodiscus
vernoni |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Hirasea planulata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Incerticyclus
cinereus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Incerticyclus martinicensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Janulus pompylius | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Keraea garachicoensis | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Lamellidea
monodonta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Lamellidea nakadai |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Leiostyla abbreviata | Unknown | EX | CR |
| Leiostyla gibba | Unknown | EX | CR |
| Leiostyla lamellosa | Madeiran Landsnail |
EX | EX |
| Leptoxis clipeata | Agate
Rocksnail |
EX | EX |
| Leptoxis compacta | Oblong
Rocksnail |
EX | EX |
| Leptoxis foremanii |
Interrupted Rocksnail |
EX | EX |
| Leptoxis formosa | Maiden
Rocksnail |
EX | EX |
| Leptoxis ligata | Rotund
Rocksnail |
EX | EX |
| Leptoxis lirata | Lyrate
Rocksnail |
EX | EX |
| Leptoxis occultata | Bigmouth
Rocksnail |
EX | EX |
| Leptoxis showalterii | Coosa
Rocksnail |
EX | EX |
| Leptoxis torrefacta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Leptoxis vittata | Striped
Rocksnail |
EX | EX |
| Leucocharis
loyaltiensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Leucocharis
porphyrochiela |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Libera
subcavernula |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Libera
tumuloides |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Littoraria flammea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Littoridina
gaudichaudii |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Lottia alveus | Eelgrass Limpet |
EX | EX |
| Lyropupa
perlonga |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
acuticosta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
consimilis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
consobrina |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
maupiensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
parvidens |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
punctiperforata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
saintjohni |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
subtilis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
unilamellata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Mautodontha
zebrina |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Megalobulimus
cardosoi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Nancibella quintalia |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Neoplanorbis carinatus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Neoplanorbis smithi | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Neoplanorbis umbilicatus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Nesopupa turtoni | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Newcombia philippiana |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Ohridohauffenia
drimica |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Oleacina
guadeloupensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Omphalotropis
plicosa |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Pachnodus
velutinus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Pachystyla
rufozonata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Panulena perrugosa |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Parmacella gervaisii | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Partula
affinis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
approximata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
arguta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula atilis | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
attenuata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula aurantia | Moorean
Viviparous Tree Snail |
EX | EX |
| Partula
auriculata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
bilineata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula callifera | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
candida |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
castanea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
cedista |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
citrina |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
compacta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
crassilabris |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
cuneata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula cytherea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula dolichostoma |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula dolorosa |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula eremita |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula exigua | Moorean
Viviparous Tree Snail |
EX | EX |
| Partula formosa |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula fusea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula imperforata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula jackieburchi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula leptochila |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula levilineata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
levistriata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
lutea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
microstoma |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
nodosa |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
planilabrum |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
producta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
protea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
protracta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
radiata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
raiatensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
remota |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula robusta | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
rustica |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
sagitta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula salifana | Mount Alifana Partula |
EX | EX |
| Partula
salifera |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
thalia |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
turgida |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
umbilicata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
variabilis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partula
vittata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partulina
crassa |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Partulina
montagui |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Perdicella
fulgurans |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Perdicella
maniensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Perdicella
zebra |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Perdicella
zebrina |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Physella microstriata | Fish
Lake Physa |
EX | EX |
| Placostylus
cuniculinsulae |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Planorbella multivolvis | Acorn
Ramshorn |
EX | EX |
| Pleurodonte
desidens |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Posticobia norfolkensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Pseudocampylaea loweii |
Unknown (from Madeira, Portugal) | EX | EX |
| Pseudohelenoconcha
spurca |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Pupilla
obliquicosta |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Pyrgulopsis nevadensis | Corded
Purg |
EX | EX |
| Pyrgulopsis olivacea | Olive Marstonia | EX | EX |
| Quintalia
flosculus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Quintalia
stoddartii |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Rhachis
comorensis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Rhachis
sanguineus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Rhodacme filosa | Wicker
Ancylid |
EX | EX |
| Sinployea canalis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Sinployea decorticata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Sinployea harveyensis | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Sinployea otareae |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Sinployea planospira |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Sinployea proxima |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Sinployea rudis |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Sinployea tenuicostata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Sinployea youngi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Somatogyrus alcoviensis |
Reverse Pebblesnail |
EX | EX |
| Somatogyrus amnicoloides |
Oachita Pebblesnail |
EX | EX |
| Somatogyrus crassilabris |
Thick-lipped Pebblesnail |
EX | EX |
| Somatogyrus wheeleri |
Channeled Pebblesnail |
EX | EX |
| Taipidon anceyana |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Taipidon
marquesana |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Taipidon
octolamellata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Thaumatodon
multilamellata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Tomigerus
gibberulus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Tomigerus
turbinatus |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Tornelasmias capricorni |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Trochoidea picardi | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Tropidophora
desmazuresi |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Tropidophora
semilineata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Vitrinula
chaunax |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Vitrinula
chichijimana |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Vitrinula hahajimana | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Zonites santoriniensis | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Zonites siphnicus | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Snail subspecies (8) | |||
| Scientific Name | Common Name | TEW Status | IUCN Status |
|
Achatinella apexfulva vittata |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Achatinella
bulimoides rosea |
Unknown | EX | EX |
| Caseolus calvus galeatus | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Leptaxis simia hyaena | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |
| Partula suturalis suturalis | Sutural Partula | EX | EX |
| Partula taeniata taeniata | Moorean Viviparious Tree Snail |
EX | EX |
| Placostylus bivaricosus etheridgei | Unknown | EX | EX |
| Zonites embolium elevatus | Unknown | EX | Not Listed |