The Most Recent Animal Extinctions
While little has been documented about most historic extinctions, much more information is available on species that have been lost over the past few decades. This page lists (although incomplete) extinctions over the past centuries to provide greater insight into patterns of recent extinction and to highlight those animal species that have most recently disappeared. The number of documented extinctions, according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (version 2011.1) 710 animal species and 16 animal subspecies since the year 1500 CE, grossly under represents the true number of extinctions that have taken place in historic times, due to very incomplete and uneven sampling, both geographically and taxonomically.
The last occurences of the animals listed here are based on historical records1, and when these are not available on radiometric or radiocarbon dates (calibrated 14C age dates)2 and archaeoological or stratigraphic associations3.
| Extinctions in the 21st century (2000 - Present) | |||
| Scientific name | Common name | Last occurrence1,2,3 | Reference |
| Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus | Vietnamese Rhinoceros | 29 April 2010 | Brook et al. (2011) |
| Pipistrellus murrayi | Christmas Island Pipistrelle | 27 August 2009 | Lumsden et al. (2009) |
| Psephurus gladius | Chinese Paddlefish | 8 January 2007 | Gao et al. (2009) |
| Lipotes vexillifer | Yangtze River Dolphin | pre-2006 (19 August 2007?)4 | Turvey (2009), Turvey (2008), WWF (2007) |
| Melamprosops phaeosoma | Po'o-uli | 28 November 2004 | Tyrberg (2009), BirdLife International (2010b) |
| Partula labrusca | Vine Raiatea Tree Snail | 2002 | Coote (2007) |
| Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica | Pyrenean Ibex | 6 January 2000 (&January 2009)5 | Caprinae Specialist Group (2000) |
| Extinctions in the 20th century (1900 - 1999) | |||
| Scientific name | Common name | Last occurrence1,2,3 | Reference |
| Hemignathus lucidus | Nukupuu | 1998 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Diceros bicornis longipes | Western Black Rhinoceros | 1997 (pre-2006?)6 | Emslie & Brooks (1999) |
| Rhachistia aldabrae | Aldabra Banded Snail | 1997 | Gerlach (2006), Gerlach (2007) |
| Panthera pardus adersi | Zanzibar Leopard | 1996 | Goldman & Walsh (2002) |
| Partula turgida | Swollen Raiatea Tree Snail | 1 January 1996 | Cunningham & Daszak (1998) |
| Incilius periglenes | Golden Toad | 1989 | Pounds et al. (2008) |
| Podilymbus gigas | Atitlan Grebe | 1986 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Tachybaptus rufolavatus | Alaotra Grebe | September 1985 | Tyrberg (2009), BirdLife International (2010c) |
| Rheobatrachus vitellinus | Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog | March 1985 | Hero et al. (2004), McDonald (1990) |
| Moho braccatus | Kaua'i 'O'o | 1985 (1987?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Crocidura trichura | Christmas Island Shrew | 1985 (1998?) | Lumsden & Schulz (2008) |
| Pomarea mira | Ua Pou Monarch | 1985 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Gambusia amistadensis | Amistad Gambusia | 1984 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Rheobatrachus silus | Conondale Gastric-brooding Frog | November 1983 | Tyler & Davies (1985) |
| Gambusia georgei | San Marcos Gambusia | 1983 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Myadestes myadestinus | Kama'o | 1983 (1989?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Myiagra freycinet | Guam Flycatcher | 1983 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nesillas aldabrana | Aldabra Warbler | 1983 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Azurina eupalama | Galapagos Damselfish | 1982 | Dulvy et al. (2009) |
| Rhinichthys cataractae smithi | Banff Longnose Dace | September 1981 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Anas oustaleti | Marianas Mallard | 1981 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Taudactylus diurnus | Southern Day Frog | 1979 | Czechura & Ingram (1990) |
| Eurychelidon serintarea | White-eyed River Martin | 1978 (1986?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Mesocapromys minimus | Little Earth Hutia | 1978 | Turvey (2009) |
| Podiceps andinus | Colombian Grebe | 1977 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Pomarea fluxa | Eiao Monarch | 1977 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Panthera tigris sondaica | Javan Tiger | 1976 | Nowell & Jackson (1996), Seidensticker (1986) |
| Hippopotamus laloumena | Lesser Madagascan Hippopotamus | 1976? | Turvey (2009) |
| Hippopotamus lemerlei | Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus | 1976? | Turvey (2009) |
| Hippopotamus madagascariensis | Madagascan Pygmy Hippopotamus | 1976? | Turvey (2009) |
| Coregonus alpenae | Longjaw Cisco | 12 June 1975 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Bolyeria multocarinata | Round Island Burrowing Boa | 1975 | Day (1981), Bauer & Günther (2004) |
| Notropis orca | Phantom Shiner | 1975 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Pteropus tokudae | Guam Flying Fox | 1974? | Turvey (2009) |
| Hypolimnus pedderensis | Lake Pedder Earthworm | 1972 | Blakenmore (2003) |
| Xenicus longipes | Bush Wren | 1972 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Cyprinodon arcuatus | Santa Cruz Pupfish | 1971 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Pieris brassicae wollastoni | Madeiran Large White | 1970s (1980s?) | Van Swaay et al. (2009) |
| Panthera tigris virgata | Caspian Tiger | February 1970 (2001?)7 | Can (2004), Driscoll et al. (2009) |
| Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae | Tecopa Pupfish | 2 February 1970 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Pogonichthys ciscoides | Clear Lake Splittail | 1970 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Sander vitreus glaucus | Blue Pike | 1970 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Coregonus nigripinnis | Blackfin Cisco | 26 November 1969 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Notropis amecae | Ameca Shiner | 21 April 1969 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Hemignathus ellisianus | Greater Akialoa | 1969 | Tyrberg (2009), BirdLife International (2010a) |
| Epioblasma torulosa torulosa | Tubercled-blossom Pearly Mussel | 1969 | USFWS (2010) |
| Callaeas cinerea cinerea | South Island Kokako | 1967 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Mystacina robusta | Greater Short-tailed Bat | 1967 | Turvey (2009) |
| Gila bicolor isolata | Independence Valley Tui Chub | 3 April 1966 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Podarcis sicula sanctistephani | Santo Stefano Lizard | 1965 | Day (1981) |
| Coregonus kiyi orientalis | Lake Ontario Kiyi | 19 September 1964 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Notropis simus simus | Rio Grande Bluntnose Shiner | 28 July 1964 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Coenocorypha iredalei | South Island Snipe | 1964 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Paroreomyza flammea | Kakawahie | 1963 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Cryptonanus ignitus | Red-bellied Gracile Mouse Opossum | 1962 | Turvey (2009) |
| Vermivora bachmanni | Bachmann's Warbler | 1962 (1988?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Leucopeza semperi | Semper's Warbler | 1961 (1995?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Notropis aulidion | Durango Shiner | 1961 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Lagorchestes asomatus | Central Hare-wallaby | 1960s | Turvey (2009) |
| Perameles eremiana | Desert Bandicoot | 1960s | Turvey (2009) |
| Empetrichthys latos concavus | Raycraft Ranch Poolfish | 1960 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Juscelinomys candango | Brasilia Burrowing Mouse | 1960 | Turvey (2009) |
| Empetrichthys latos pahrump | Pahrump Ranch Poolfish | 1958 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Gila crassicauda | Thicktail Chub | 16 April 1957 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Onychogalea lunata | Crescent Nailtail Wallaby | 1956 | Turvey (2009) |
| Pseudomys glaucus | Blue-grey Mouse | 1956 | Turvey (2009) |
| Empetrichthys merriami | Ash Meadows Poolfish | 1955 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Cyprinella lutrensis blairi | Maravillas Red Shiner | 1954 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Coregonus johannae | Deepwater Cisco | 4 August 1952 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Monachus tropicalis | Caribbean Monk Seal | 1952 | Turvey (2009) |
| Anodorhynchus glaucus | Glaucous Macaw | 1951 (1960?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Gazella bilkis | Queen of Sheba's Gazelle | 1951 | Mallon & Al-Safadi (2001) |
| Zalophus japonicus | Japanese Sea Lion | 1951 | Turvey (2009b) |
| Chaeropus ecaudatus | Pig-footed Bandicoot | 1950s | Turvey (2009) |
| Discoglossus nigriventer | Hula Painted Frog | 1955 | Papenfuss et al. (2004) |
| Geocapromys thoracatus | Little Swan Island Hutia | 1950s | Turvey (2009) |
| Macrotis leucura | Lesser Bilby | 1950s | Turvey (2009) |
| Neotoma martinensis | San Martin Island Woodrat | 1950s | Turvey (2009) |
| Rhodonessa caryophyllacea | Pink-headed Duck | 1949 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Merulaxis stresemanni | Stresemann's Bristlethroat | 1945 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Paracoelops megalotis | Vietnam Leaf-nosed Bat | 1945 | Dorst (1947), Nowak (1999) |
| Porzana palmeri | Laysan Crake | 1944 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Lithobates fisheri | Vegas Valley Leopard Frog | 13 January 1942 | Platz (1984) |
| Gallirallus wakensis | Wake Rail | 1942 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Panthera leo leo | Barbary Lion | 1942 (survives?)8 | Yamaguchi and Haddane (2002) |
| Struthio camelus syriacus | Arabian Ostrich | 1941 (1966?) | Fuller (2000), Shirihai (1996) |
| Rhinichthys deaconi | Las Vegas Dace | 30 July 1940 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Orestias cuvieri | Lake Titicaca Orestias | 1940s | Day (1981), Van den Hoek Ostende (1999) |
| Coregonus oxyrinchus | Houting | 1940 | Freyhof & Schöter (2005) |
| Epioblasma arcaeformis | Arc-form Pearly Mussel | 1940 | Bogan (2000) |
| Gallotia simonyi simonyi | Roque Chico de Salmor Giant Lizard | 1940 | Carranza et al. (1999) |
| Pomarea nukuhivae | Nukuhiva Monarch | 1940 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Vanellus macropterus | Javanese Lapwing | 1940 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nesoryzomys darwini | Darwin's Galápagos Rice Rat | pre-1940 | Turvey (2009) |
| Macropus greyi | Toolache Wallaby | 1939 (1972?) | Turvey (2009) |
| Rhinichthys osculus reliquus | Grass Valley Speckled Dace | 9 August 1938 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Lepidomeda altivelis | Pahranagat Spinedace | 1938 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Rucervus schomburgki | Schomburgk's Deer | 1938 | Turvey (2009) |
| Turdus ravidus | Grand Cayman Thrush | 1938 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Panthera tigris balica | Bali Tiger | 27 September 1937 | Day (1981) |
| Thylacinus cynocephalus | Tasmanian Tiger | 7 September 1936 | Turvey (2009) |
| Columba jouyi | Ryukyu Wood-pigeon | 1936 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi | Ratas Island Lizard | 1934-1936 | Zawadski (2010) |
| Caloprymnus campestris | Desert Rat-kangaroo | 1935 (1980s?) | Turvey (2009) |
| Cerithidae fuscata | Horn Snail | 1935 | Dulvy et al. (2009) |
| Moho nobilis | Hawaii O'o | 1934 (1957?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nesoryzomys indefessus | Indefatigable Galápagos Rice Rat | 1934 | Turvey (2009) |
| Leporillus apicalis | Lesser Stick-nest Rat | 1933 (1970?) | Turvey (2009) |
| Neotoma bunkeri | Bunker's Woodrat | 1931 | Turvey (2009) |
| Peromyscus pembertoni | Pemberton's Deer Mouse | 1931 | Turvey (2009) |
| Oncorhynchus clarki alvordensis | Alvord Cutthroat Trout | 1930s | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Salvelinus agassizi | Silver Trout | 1930 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Lottia alveus | Atlantic Eelgrass Limpet | 1929 | Dulvy et al. (2009) |
| Cottus echinatus | Utah Lake Sculpin | April 1928 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Equus hemionus hemippus | Syrian Wild Ass | 1928 | Harper (1945), Day (1981) |
| Psephotus pulcherrimus | Paradise Parrot | 1927 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Chasmistes muriei | Snake River Sucker | 13 October 1927 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Bison bonasus caucasicus | Caucasian Wisent | 1927 | Puzek (ed.) (2002), Puzek (ed.) (2004) |
| Gallicolumba salamonis | Thick-billed Ground-dove | 1927 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Megapodius amissus | Lost Megapode | 1926? | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Neotoma anthonyi | Anthony's Woodrat | 1926 | Turvey (2009) |
| Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus | Bubal Hartebeest | 8714 | Day (1981), Edwards (1996) |
| Aplonis fusca | Norfolk Island Starling | 1923 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Himatione freethii | Laysan Honeyeater | 1923 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Prototroctes oxyrhinchus | New Zealand Grayling | 1923 | Dulvy et al. (2009) |
| Epioblasma flexuosa | Arcuate Pearly Mussel | 1920s - 1930s | Haag (2009) |
| Conuropsis carolinensis | Carolina Parakeet | 21 February 1918 | Tyrberg (2009), Fuller (2000) |
| Gerygone insularis | Lord Howe Island Flycatcher | 1918 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Phelsuma edwardnewtoni | Rodrigues Day Gecko | 1917 | Vinson & Vinson (1969), Austin et al. (2004) |
| Ectopistes migratorius | Passenger Pigeon | 1 September 1914 | Tyrberg (2009), Fuller (2000) |
| Sceloglaux albifacies | Laughing Owl | 1914 (1930?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Dysmodrepanis munroi | Lanai Hookbill | 1913 (1918?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Haematopus meadewaldoi | Canary Islands Oystercatcher | 1913 (1940?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Zosterops strenuus | Robust White-eye | 1913 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Oceanodroma macrodactyla | Guadalupe Storm-petrel | 1911 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Oncorhynchus clarki macdonaldi | Yellowfin Cutthroat | 1910 (1930s?) | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Quiscalus palustris | Slender-billed Grackle | 1910 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Lagostomus crassus | Peruvian Plains Viscacha | pre-1910 | Turvey (2009) |
| Heliangelus zusii | Bogota Sunangel | 1909 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Heteralocha acutirostris | Huia | 28 December 1907 | Tyrberg (2009), Day (1981) |
| Drepanis funerea | Black Mamo | June 1907 | Tyrberg (2009), Bryan (1908) |
| Psittacula wardi | Seychelles Parakeet | 1907 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nyctimene sanctacrucis | Nendö Tube-nosed Fruit Bat | 1907? | Turvey (2009) |
| Anthornis melanocephala | Chatham Island Bellbird | 1906 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Microgoura meeki | Choiseul Pigeon | 1905 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Turnagra capensis | South Island Piopio | 1905 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Moho bishopi | Bishop's O'o | 1904 (1981?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Cyprinodon latifasciatus | Parras Pupfish | 1903 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Rattus macleari | Maclear's Rat | 1903 | Turvey (2009) |
| Rattus nativitatis | Bulldog Rat | 1903 | Turvey (2009) |
| Stypodon signifer | Stumptooth Minnow | 1903 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Mergus australis | Auckland Island Merganser | 1902 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Porphyrio paepae | Marquesan Swamphen | 1902? | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Turnagra tanagra | North Island Piopio | 1902 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Loxops sagittirostris | Greater amakihi | 1901 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Notomys longicaudatus | Long-tailed Hopping Mouse | 1901 | Turvey (2009) |
| Caracara lutosa | Guadeloupe Caracara | 1900 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Extinctions in the 19th century (1800 - 1899) | |||
| Scientific name | Common name | Last occurrence1,2,3 | Reference |
| Eriocnemis godini | Turquoise-throated Puffleg | pre-1900 (1976) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Drepanis pacifica | Hawaii Mamo | 1899 (1960?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Megalomys desmarestii | Martinique Giant Rice Rat | 1897 | Turvey (2009) |
| Oryzomys nelsoni | Nelson's Rice Rat | 1897 | Turvey (2009) |
| Rhodacanthis palmeri | Greater Koa-finch | 1896 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Notomys amplus | Short-tailed Hopping Mouse | pre-1896 | Turvey (2009) |
| Moxostoma lacerum | Harelip Sucker | 1893 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Traversia lyalli | Stephens Island Wren | 1985 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Akialoa obscura | Lesser Akialoa | 1895 (1940?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Porphyrio mantelli | North Island Takahe | 1894 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Psittirosta kona | Kona Grosbeak | 1894 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Eudorcas rufina | Red Gazelle | pre-1894 | Turvey (2009) |
| Cabalus modestus | Chatham Rail | 1893 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Gallirallus sharpei | Sharpe's Rail | pre-1893 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Bowdleria rufescens | Chatham Island Fernbird | 1892 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Akialoa lanaiensis | Maui Nui Akialoa | 1892 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Capra pyrenaica lusitanica | Portuguese Ibex | 1892 | Day (1981) |
| Ciridops anna | Ula-ai-hawane | 1892 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Oligoryzomys victus | St. Vincent Pygmy Rice Rat | 1892 | Turvey (2009) |
| Rhodacanthis flaviceps | Lesser Koa-finch | 1891 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Gallirallus lafresnayanus | New Caledonian Rail | 1890 (1984?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Gallirallus poecilopterus | Bar-winged Rail | 1890 (1970?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Lagorchestes leporides | Eastern Hare-wallaby | 1890 | Turvey (2009) |
| Leimacomys buettneri | Togo Mouse | 1890 | Turvey (2009) |
| Pharotis imogene | New Guinea Big-eared Bat | 1890 | Turvey (2009) |
| Fundulus albolineatus | Whiteline Topminnow | 27 May 1889 | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Columba versicolor | Bonin Wood-pigeon | 1889 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Equus ferus ferus | Tarpan | 1887 | Kavar & Dovč (2008) |
| Halcyon miyakoensis | Miyako Kingfisher | 1887 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nyctophilus howensis | Lord Howe Long-eared Bat | 1887 | Turvey (2009) |
| Porzana sandwichensis | Hawai'ian Crake | 1884 (1893?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Equus quagga quagga | Quagga | 12 August 1883 | Hack et al. (2008), ZMA (2010) |
| Megalomys luciae | St. Lucia Giant Rice Rat | pre-1881 | Turvey (2009) |
| Characodon garmani | Parras Characodon | 1880s | Miller et al. (1989) |
| Gallirallus macquariensis | Macquarie Island Rail | 1880 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Pterodroma caribbaea | Jamaica Petrel | 1879 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Chlorostilbon bracei | Brace's Emerald | 1877 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Oryzomys antillarum | Jamaican Rice Rat | 1877 | Turvey (2009) |
| Dusicyon australis | Falkland Island Wolf | 1876 | Turvey (2009) |
| Camptorhynchus labradorius | Labrador Duck | 1875 (12 December 1878?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Coturnix novaezelandiae | New Zealand Quail | 1875 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Potorous platyops | Broad-faced Potoroo | 1875 | Turvey (2009) |
| Psittacula exsul | Newton's Parakeet | 1875 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Pteropus brunneus | Dusky Flying Fox | 1874 | Turvey (2009) |
| Pteropus pilosus | Large Palau Flying Fox | pre-1874 | Turvey (2009) |
| Gallinula nesiotis | Tristan Moorhen | 1873 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Pareudiastes pacifica | Samoan Gallinule | 1873 (1987?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Argusianus bipunctatus | Double-banded Argus | 1871 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Coenocorypha barrierensis | North Island Snipe | 1870 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Ixobrychus novaezelandiae | New Zealand Little Bittern | 1870 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Pteropus subniger | Lesser Mascarene Flying Fox | 1870? | Turvey (2009) |
| Ophrysia superciliosa | Himalayan Quail | 1868 (1877?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Otus siaoensis | Siau Scops Owl | 1866 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Panthera leo melanochaitus | Cape Lion | 1865 | Tefera (2003) |
| Lycaena dispar dispar | British Large Copper | 1864 | Irwin (1984) |
| Ara tricolor | Cuban Red Macaw | 1864 (1876?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Collisella edmitchelli | Rocky Shore Limpet | 1861 | Dulvy et al. (2009) |
| Myotis insularum | Samoan Myotis | 1860s | Turvey (2009) |
| Chlorostilbon elegans | Gould's Emerald | 1860 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Neovison macrodon | Sea Mink | 1860 (1894?) | Turvey (2009) |
| Porphyrio kukwiedei | New Caledonia Gallinule | 1860? | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Chaetoptila angustipluma | Kioea | 1859 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Charmosyna diadema | New Caledonian Lorikeet | 1859 (1976?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Siphonorhis americana | Jamaican Pauraque | 1859 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Pseudomys gouldii | Gould's Mouse | 1857 | Turvey (2009) |
| Pteropus allenorum | Small Samoan Flying Fox | 1856 | Turvey (2009) |
| Nestor productus | Norfolk Island Kaka | 1851 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Phalacrocorax perspicillatus | Pallas's Cormorant | 1850 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Ara erythrocephala | Red-headed Green Macaw | 1847 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Conilurus albipes | White-footed Rabbit-rat | 1845 | Turvey (2009) |
| Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis | Tasmanian Emu | 1845 (1873?) | Dickison (1926), Le Souëf (1904) |
| Pinguinus impennis | Great Auk | 3 June 1844 (1852?) | Tyrberg (2009), BirdLife International (2008) |
| Cyanoramphus zealandicus | Black-fronted Parakeet | 1844 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Notomys macrotis | Big-eared Hopping Mouse | 1843 | Turvey (2009) |
| Aramides gutturalis | Red-throated Wood-rail | pre-1843 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Uperoleia marmorata | Marbled Toadlet | 1841 | Hero, Roberts, & Horner (2004) |
| Cylindraspis indica | Réunion Tortoise | 1840s | Cheke and Hume (2008) |
| Notomys mordax | Darling Downs Hopping Mouse | 1840s | Turvey (2009) |
| Gallirallus dieffenbachi | Dieffenbach's Rail | 1840 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Littoraria flammea | Periwinkle | 1840 | Dulvy et al. (2009) |
| Pteropus coxi | Large Samoan Flying Fox | 1840 | Turvey (2009) |
| Anampses viridis | Mauritius Green Wrasse | 1839 | Dulvy et al. (2009) |
| Hemiphaga spadicea | Norfolk Island Pigeon | 1839 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Fregilupus varius | Réunion Starling | 1838 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Akialoa ellisiana | Oahu Akialoa | 1837 (1940?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Moho apicalis | Oahu O'o | 1837 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Coua delalandei | Snail-eating Coua | 1834 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Aplonis corvina | Kosrae Starling | 1828 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Chaunoproctus ferreorostris | Bonin Grosbeak | 1828 (1890?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Porzana monasa | Kosrae Crake | 1828 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Dromaius baudinianus | Kangaroo Island Emu | 1827 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Alectroenas nitidissima | Mauritius Blue Pigeon | 1826 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Aplonis mavornata | Mysterious Starling | 1825 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Gazella arabica | Arabian Gazelle | 1825 | Mallon et al. (2001) |
| Myadestes woahensis | Amaui | 1825 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Pomarea pomarea | Maupiti Monarch | 1823 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Desmodus draculae | Giant Vampire Bat | pre-1820? | Turvey (2009) |
| Dromaius ater | King Island Emu | 1802 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Boryptera alba | Bory's White Bat | 1801 | Turvey (2009), Cheke and Hume (2008) |
| Mascarenotus sauzieri | Mauritius Owl | 1800-1850 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Ara erythrura | Red-tailed Blue-and-Yellow Macaw | 1800s | Day (1981), Williams & Steadman (2001) |
| Isolobodon portoricensis | Puerto Rican Hutia | 1800s (1970s?) | Turvey (2009) |
| Hippotragus leucophaeus | Bluebuck | 1800 | Turvey (2009) |
| Extinctions in the 18th century (1700 - 1799) | |||
| Scientific name | Common name | Last occurrence1,2,3 | Reference |
| Cylindraspis peltastes | Rodrigues Domed Tortoise | 1795 (1802?) | Austin & Arnold (2001), Cheke and Hume (2008) |
| Cylindraspis vosmaeri | Rodrigues Saddle-backed Tortoise | 1795 (1802?) | Austin & Arnold (2001), Cheke and Hume (2008) |
| Ara atwoodi | Dominican Green-and-Yellow Macaw | 1791 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Bison bonasus hungarorum | Carpathian Wisent | 1790 | Puzek et al. (2002) |
| Columba vitiensis godmanae | Lord Howe Pigeon | 1790 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Porphyrio albus | Lord Howe Swamphen | 1790 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Mascarinus mascarinus | Mascarene Parrot | 1785 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Porzana nigra | Tahiti Crake | 1784 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Prosobonia cancellata | Tuamotu Sandpiper | 1778 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Gallirallus pacificus | Tahiti Rail | 1777 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Prosobonia ellisi | Ellis's Sandpiper | 1777 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Gallicolumba ferruginea | Tanna Ground Dove | 17 August 1774 | Fuller (2000), Tyrberg (2009) |
| Cyanoramphus ulietanus | Ra'iatea Parakeet | 1774 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Prolagus sardus | Sardinian Pika | 1774 | Turvey (2009) |
| 'Turdus' ulietensis | Ra'iatea Thrush | 1774 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Prsobonia leucoptera | White-winged Sandpiper | 1773 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Xenothrix mcgregori | Jamaican Monkey | 1769? | Turvey (2009) |
| Hydrodamalis gigas | Steller's Sea Cow | 1768 | Turvey (2009) |
| Ara gossei | Jamaican Red Macaw | 1765 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Psittacula bensoni | Mauritius Grey Parrot | 1764 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Necropsittacus rodericanus | Rodrigues Parrot | 1761 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Pezophaps solitaria | Rodrigues Solitaire | 1754 (1761?) | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Aratinga labati | Guadeloupe Parakeet | 1750 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Amazona martinicana | Martinique Parrot | 1742 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Amazona violacea | Guadeloupe Parrot | 1742 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Ara guadeloupensis | Lesser Antillean Macaw | 1742 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Porphyrio coerulescens | Réunion Gallinule | 1734 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Aphanapteryx leguati | Rodrigues Rail | 1726 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Mascarenotus murivorus | Rodrigues Owl | 1726 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Necropsar rodericanus | Rodrigues Starling | 1726 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nycticorax megacephalus | Rodrigues Night-heron | 1726 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Alectroenas rodericana | Rodrigies pigeon | 1708 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nesoenas duboisi | Réunion Pigeon | 1705 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Threskiornis solitarius | Réunion Flightless Ibis | 1705 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Extinctions in the 17th century (1600 - 1699) | |||
| Scientific name | Common name | Last occurrence1,2,3 | Reference |
| Anas theodori | Mauritian Duck | 1696 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Alopochen mauritianus | Mauritian Shelduck | 1693 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Aphanapteryx bonasia | Red Rail | 1693 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nycticorax mauritianus | Mauritius Night-heron | 1693 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Lophopsittacus mauritianus | Broad-billed Parrot | 1673 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Alopochen kervazoi | Réunion Shelduck | 1672 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Dryolimnas augusti | Réunion Rail | 1671-1672 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Falco duboisi | Réunion Kestrel | 1671-1672 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Foudia belloni | Réunion Fody | 1671-1672 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nycticorax duboisi | Réunion Night-heron | 1671-1672 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| 'Necropsittacus' borbonicus | Réunion Red And Green Parakeet | 1671 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Raphus cucullatus | Dodo | 1662 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Cryptoprocta spelea | Giant Fossa | pre-1658? | Turvey (2009) |
| Palaeopropithecus ingens | Sloth Lemur | pre-1658? | Turvey (2009) |
| Mundia elpenor | Ascension Flightless Crake | 1656 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Ara martinica | Martinique Macaw | 1640 | Bouton (1640), Fuller (2000) |
| Bos primigenius | Aurochs | 1627 | Van Vuure (2003) |
| Nesotrochis picapicensis | Cuban Cave-rail | 1625 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Nyctanassa carcinocatactes | Crab-eating Night-heron | 1623 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Extinctions in the 16th century (1500 - 1599) | |||
| Scientific name | Common name | Last occurrence1,2,3 | Reference |
| Plagiodontia ipnaeum | Samana Hutia | ?1536-1546 | Turvey (2009) |
| Quemisia gravis | Twisted-toothed Mouse | ?1536-1546 | Turvey (2009) |
| Noronhomys vespuccii | Vespucci's Rice Rat | 1503 | Turvey (2009) |
| Nycticorax olsoni | Ascension Night-heron | 1502 | Tyrberg (2009) |
| Bettongia pusilla | Nullarbor Dwarf Bettong | After 1500 9 | Burbidge (2008), Johnson (2006), Turnbridge (1991) |
| Boromys offella | Oriente Cave Rat | After 1500 10 | Allen (1942), Turvey & Helgen (2008a), Turvey (2009) |
| Boromys torrei | Torre's Cave Rat | After 1500 10 | Allen (1942), Turvey & Helgen (2008b), Turvey (2009) |
Notes
- Historical records of extinct species or subspecies are reported confirmed dates, e.g. in ship logs, paintings, reports, papers and books, on which a species or subspecies has been seen for the very last time (e.g. sightings or killings). In many cases an exact date is not known.
- Radiocarbon dating, or carbon dating, is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years. Raw, i.e. uncalibrated, radiocarbon ages are usually reported in radiocarbon years "Before Present" (BP), "Present" being defined as 1950 CE. Such raw ages can be calibrated to give accurate calendar dates (calibrated 14C age dates) of a species or subspecies last occurrence.
- Archaeoological or stratigraphic associations are a closely established relationship between two or more archaeological items (objects or structural elements) because they are physically linked by virtue of being within or attached to the same stratigraphically determined deposit or layer.
- In November and December 2006 a comprehensive visual and acoustic survey failed to find a single baiji or Yangtze River Dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer) in the Yangtze River (Turvey et al. 2007). However Chinese media reported that a businessman in Tongling City in east China’s Anhui Province filmed “a big white animal” with his digital camera on 19 August 2007. Sadly, the picture quality was extremely poor, because it had been filmed at long range on a non specialized digital camera (Turvey, 2008). Professor Wang Ding, a leading scientist at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences later confirmed that the footage could be showing the Baiji dolphin (WWF 2007), but he couldn't rule out the alternative possibility that it was a Yangtze Finless Porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis (Turvey, 2008).
- In January 2009, the Pyrenean Ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) became the first extinct animal to be resurrected by cloning. This newborn Pyrenean Ibex died after seven minutes due to breathing difficulties and became extinct for the second time.
- Two western black rhinos (Diceros bicornis longipes) are known to have been poached since 1996, one of which had been radio-tagged. WWF-sponsored surveys of range areas in 1996–97 indicated that at least 10 rhinos remained, with a possible eight others unconfirmed. (Emslie & Brooks 1999) In 2000, Dr Martin Brooks, IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group chairman, estimated that just ten of the rhinos were still alive and could have drifted too far apart from each other to breed (Times Online 2006). Early 2006, a trio of experts systematically scoured 2,500 kilometres (1,200 miles) of habitat in northern Cameroon. This intensive survey of the West African black rhino has failed to locate any sign of their continued presence in their last refuges in northern Cameroon. As a result the World Conservation Union (IUCN) announced that this subspecies has been tentatively declared as extinct. (IUCN 2006).
- The most frequently quoted extinction date of the Caspian Tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) is late 1950s, but has almost no evidence to back it up. It appears this date came to be accepted after being quoted by H. Ziaie in "A Field Guide to the Mammals of Iran". According to E. Firouz in “A Guide to the Fauna of Iran, 1999”, the last tiger was killed in 1947 near Agh-Ghomish Village, 10 km East of Kalaleh, on the way to Minoodasht-Bojnoord. Some reports state that the last Caspian tiger was shot in Golestan National Park (Iran) or in Northern Iran in 1959 (Vuosalo 1976). However, other reports claim that the last Chinese Caspian tigers disappeared from the Manas River basin in the Tian Shan mountains, west of Ürümqi, China, in the 1960s. (Nowell & Jackson 1996) The last record from the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya river near the Aral Sea was an unconfirmed observation near Nukus in 1968 while tigers disappeared from the river’s lower reaches and the Pyzandh Valley once a stronghold, in the Turkmen-Uzbek-Afghan border region by the early 1970s (Heptner and Sludskii 1972). There are even claims of a documented killing of this subspecies at Uludere, Hakkari in Turkey in February of 1970 (Üstay 1990; Can 2004). There have even been unconfirmed reports of wild tigers in Turkey as recent as 2001 (Can 2004). An exact date of extinction is unknown. No one knows it really for certain. Recent genetic research even suggests that the Caspian Tiger never became extinct, but that they are one and the same as the surviving Siberian Tigers (Driscoll et al. 2009).
- An exact extinction date is unknown and it is possible that this species survives in capticity. The last wild Barbary lion (Panthera leo leo) was killed in 1942 on the northern side of the Tizi-n-Tichka pass in the Atlas Mountains, near the road between Marrakesh and Ouarzazat. After its disappearence, this lion subspecies could only be found at the palace of the sultans and kings of Morocco. Meanwhile the rest of the world continued to assume the Barbary lion was extinct, a premature belief which nearly became fact when a respiratory disease hit the royal lions hard in the late 1960s. Later, a new and better enclosure was completed in Temara, near Rabat, to house the royal lions, and in 1973, under the administration of the Ministry of Agriculture, this became Rabat Zoo. The current royal lions in Rabat Zoo have not only the right Barbary looks, but also, very importantly, the right pedigree supported by circumstantial evidence. Although it may not be very solid, the existence of such evidence clearly separates the royal lions from all the other big-maned lions whose pedigrees are untraceable. The Barbary lion's genetic distinctiveness has not yet fully established and it is still unknown whether the royal lions are true pure Barbary lions (Dubach et al. 2005; Yamaguchi 2005; Yamaguchi and Haddane 2002; Barnett et al. 2006; Burger and Hemmer 2006; Antunes et al. 2008; Black et al. 2009).
- The Nullarbor Dwarf Bettong (Bettongia pusilla) is only known from recent subfossils (McNamara 1997). It was common in Holocene cave deposits. Arboriginal people from the desert country of the south of South Australia and adjecent areas of Western Australia have known a very small kangaroo that does not match any species recorded alive within the last 200 years (Johnson 2006; Turnbridge 1991). The word they used for this animal is 'wirlpa', 'weelba' or some other variant (Johnson 2006). This bettong probably was extant after 1500 AD and there is little doubt that this species may have still been alive when Europeans began settling in Australia (Burbidge 2008; Johnson 2006).
- Barn owl pellets in fossiliferous cave deposits in the western part of Cuba, containing predated Oriente Cave Rats (Boromys offella) and Torre's Cave Rats (Boromys torrei), other mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, were dated by radiocarbon dating at 14C 7864 ± 96 years BP and calibrated at 8993 - 8453 BP or 7044 - 6504 BCE (Jiménez Vázquez et al. 2005; Turvey 2009). However, this species is known from recent fossil deposits which also contain invasive rats. This suggest that it persisted until the modern era and that the extinction followed the arrival of European settlers around 1500 CE (Allen 1942; Turvey and Helgen 2008ab; Turvey 2009). Based on the remarkably fresh bones, some suggest it might have survived until the latter half of the nineteenth century (Allen 1942; Goodwin and Goodwin 1973; Nowak 1999).
References
Allen, G.M. (1942). Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere with the marine species of all the oceans. Special Publication No. 11. American Committee for International Wild Life Protection. The Intelligencer Printing Co. Lancaster, Pa. Available online: Internet Archive.
Austin, J.J., Arnold, E.N. (2001). Ancient mitochondrial DNA and morphology elucidate an extinct island radiation of Indian Ocean giant tortoises (Cylindraspis). Proceedings: Biological Sciences, Volume 268, Number 1485, Pages: 2515-2523.
Austin, J.J., Arnold, E.N. & Jones, C.G. (2004) Reconstructing an island radiation using ancient and recent DNA: the extinct and living day geckos (Phelsuma) of the Mascarene islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31, 102–109.
Bauer, A. & R. Günther (2004): On a newly identified specimen of the extinct bolyeriid snake Bolyeria multocarinata (Boie, 1827).- Herpetozoa 17 (3/4): 179-181.
BirdLife International 2008. Pinguinus impennis. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 June 2010.
BirdLife International (2010a) Species factsheet: Hemignathus ellisianus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/8/2010
BirdLife International (2010b) Species factsheet: Melamprosops phaeosoma. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 12/6/2010
BirdLife International (2010c) Species factsheet: Tachybaptus rufolavatus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/5/2010.
Blakenmore, R.J. 2003. Hypolimnus pedderensis. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 June 2010.
Bogan, A.E. 2000. Epioblasma arcaeformis. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 June 2010.
Bolaños, F. & Chaves, G. 2008. Incilius holdridgei. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 14 June 2010.
Bouton, Jacques ("Père") (1640): Relation d'un établissement de francois depuis l'an 1635 en l'isle de Martinique, l'une des Antilles de l'Amerique, p.71-72.
Brook, S., Van Coeverden de Groot, P., Mahood, S., Long, B. (2011). Extinction of the Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) from Vietnam. WWF Report.
Bryan, William Alanson. 1908. Some birds of Molokai. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Occas. Papers 4( 2): 43- 86.
Burbidge, A. (2008). Bettongia pusilla. In: (IUCN 2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 15 April 2011.
Can, O.E. (2004). Status, Conservation and Management of Large Carnivores in Turkey. Council of Europe. 29 pages. Strasbourg, France.
Caprinae Specialist Group (2000). Capra pyrenaica ssp. pyrenaica. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.redlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2005.
Carranza, S., E. Nicholas Arnold, Richard H. Thomas, J. A. Mateo and L. F. López-Jurado. 1999. Status of the extinct giant lacertid lizard Gallotia simonyi simonyi (Reptilia: Lacertidae) assessed using mtDNA sequences from museum specimens. Herpetological Journal. 9 (2): 83-86.
Cheke, A., Hume, J. (2008). Lost Land of the Dodo, An Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rordrigues. T & AD Poyser, London.
Coote, T. 2007. Partula labrusca. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 12 June 2010.
Cunningham A. A. & Daszak P. (October 1998) "Extinction of a Species of Land Snail Due to Infection with a Microsporidian Parasite". Conservation Biology 12(5): 1139-1141.
Czechura, G.V. & G. Ingram (1990). Taudactylus diurnus and the case of the disappearing frogs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 29:361-365.
Day, D., (1981), The Doomsday Book of Animals, Ebury Press, London.
Dickison, D. (1926). When did the Tasmanian Emu become extinct?. Emu. 25:213.
Dorst. (1947). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire naturelle Paris, ser. 2, 19: 436.
Driscoll C.A., Yamaguchi N., Bar-Gal G.K., Roca A.L., Luo S., et al. (2009). Mitochondrial Phylogeography Illuminates the Origin of the Extinct Caspian Tiger and Its Relationship to the Amur Tiger. PLoS ONE 4(1): e4125. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004125.
Dubach, J; Patterson, B.D; Briggs, M.B; Venzke, K; Flamand, J; Stander, P; Scheepers, L; Kays, R.W. (2005). Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion Panthera leo. Conserv. Genet. 2005; 6:15–24.
Dulvy, N.K., Pinnegar, J.K., Reynolds, J.D. (2009). Holocene extinctions in the sea. In: Turvey, S.T. (ed.) (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Edwards, J. 1996. London Zoo from Old Photographs 1852-1914.
Emslie, R. and Brooks, M. (1999) African Rhino. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 92 pp. (Available online)
Freyhof, J. and C. Schöter. 2005. The houting Coregonus oxyrinchus (L.) (Salmoniformes: Coregonidae), a globally extinct species from the North Sea basin. Journal of Fish Biology 67:3, 713-729.
Fuller, E. (2000). Extinct birds. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Gao X., Wang J.W. & Brosse S. (2009),
Threatened fishes of the world: Psephurus gladius (Martens, 1862)
(Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 84 :
421-422.
Gerlach, J. (2006). Rhachistia aldabrae. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 29 July 2010.
Gerlach, J. (2007). Short-term climate change and the extinction of the snail Rhachistia aldabrae (Gastropoda : Pulmonata). Biology Letters 3 (5): 581-584 (Online pdf).
Goldman, H.V. & Walsh, M.T. (2002). Is the Zanzibar leopard (Panthera pardus adersi) extinct? Journal of East African Natural History Vol. 91 (1&2) 2002: pp. 15-25.
Haag, W.R. (2009). Past and future patterns of freshwater mussel extinctions in North America during the Holocene. In: Turvey, S.T. (editor) (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Hack, M.A., East, R. & Rubenstein, D.I. 2008. Equus quagga ssp. quagga. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 June 2010.
Harper, F. (1945). Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Old World. Special Publication No. 12, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, New York Zoological Park, New York 60, N.Y.
Heptner, V.H. and Sludskii, A.A. (1972). [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol III: Carnivores (Feloidea).] Vyssha Shkola, Moscow (in Russian). Engl. transl. edited by R.S. Hoffmann, Smithsonian Inst. and the Natl. Science Fndn., Washington DC, 1992.
Hero, J.-M., Roberts, D. & Horner, P. (2004). Uperoleia marmorata. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 29 December 2007.
Irwin, A.G. (1984) The Large Copper, Lycaena dispar dispar (Haworth) In The Norfolk Broads. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 96 p212-13.
IUCN (2006). West African black rhino feared extinct. News release of 07 July 2006. The World Conservation Union (IUCN). (Available online)
IUCN (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 December 2010.
IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 August 2011.
Jean-Marc Hero, Keith McDonald, Ross Alford, Michael Cunningham, Richard Retallick 2004. Rheobatrachus vitellinus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 June 2010.
Jiménez Vázquez, O., Condis, M.M., and Elvis Garcí,a C. (2005). Vertebrados post-glaciales en un residuario fósil de Tyto alba scopoli (Aves: Tytonidae) en el occidente de Cuba. Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología 9, 85–112.
Johnson, C. (2006). Australia's Mammal Extinctions: A Year History 50.000. Cambridge University Press.
Kavar, Tatjana; Peter Dovč (2008). "Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses". Livestock Science 116: 1-14.
Le Souëf, D. (1904). Extinct Tasmanian Emu. Emu. 3:229-231.
Lumsden, L. & Schulz, M. 2008. Crocidura trichura. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 July 2010.
Lumsden, L., Racey, P.A. & Hutson, A.M. (2009). Pipistrellus murrayi. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 July 2010.
Mallon, D.P. and Al-Safadi, M. 2001. Yemen. In: D.P. Mallon and S.C. Kingswood (compilers). 2001. Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans, pp. 63-68. IUCN, Gland.
Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (compilers). (2001). Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. SSC Antelope Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
McDonald, K.R. (1990). Rheobatrachus Liem and Taudactylus Straughan & Lee (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Eungella National Park, Queensland: distribution and decline. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 114:187-194.
McNamara, J.A. (1997). Some smaller macropod fossils of South Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 117: 97-106.
Miller, R. R., J. D. Williams, and J. E.
Williams. (1989). Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century.
Fisheries 14(6):
Nowak, R. M. [ed.] (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World, Sixth Edition, Volume II. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (compilers and editors) 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Theodore Papenfuss, Ahmad Disi, Steven Anderson, Sergius Kuzmin, Avital Gasith, Riyad A. Sadek, Yehudah Werner (2004). Discoglossus nigriventer. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 June 2010.
Platz, J. E. 1984. Status report for Rana onca Cope. Unpublished report prepared for Office of Endangered Species, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico. iv+27 pp.
Pounds, Alan, Savage, Jay, Bolaños, Federico (2008). Incilius periglenes. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 12 June 2010.
Pucek, Z. (ed.); Pucek, Z., Belousova, I.P., Krasiñska, M., Krasiñski, Z.A. and Olech, W. (comps.). (2002), European Bison Bison bonasus: Current state of the species and an action plan for its conservation. Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza. (Pdf available online)
Pucek, Z. (ed.); Pucek, Z., Belousova, I.P., Krasiñska, M., Krasiñski, Z.A. and Olech, W. (comps.). (2004). European Bison. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Bison Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 54 pp.
Qiwei, W. (2009). Psephurus gladius. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 04 June 2010.
Seidensticker, J. (1986). Large carnivores and the consequences of habitat insularization: ecology and conservation of tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh. Pp. l-42 in S.D. Miller and D.D. Everett, eds. Cats ofthe world: biology, conservation and management. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C.
Shirihai, H. 1996. The birds of Israel. Academic Press, London.
Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. 2008. Lipotes vexillifer. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 June 2010.
Tefera, M. (2003) Phenotypic and
reproductive characteristics of lions (Panthera leo) at Addis Ababa Zoo.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 12: 1629-1639.
Times Online (2006). West African black rhino 'is extinct'. Times Newspapers Limited. (Available online)
Turnbridge, D. (1991). The story of the Flinders Ranges mammals. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, New South Wales, Australia.
Turvey, S. (2008). Witness to extinction. How we failed to save the Yangtze River Dolphin. Oxford University Press, New York.
Turvey, S.T. (2009). Holocene mammal extinctions. In: Turvey, S.T. (editor) (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008a). Boromys offella. In: IUCN (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 13 June 2011.
Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008b). Boromys torrei. In: IUCN (2011). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 24 June 2011.
Tyler, M.J. & M. Davies (1985). The gastric brooding frog. In: Grigg, G., R. Shine & H. Ehmann, eds. Biology of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles. Page(s) 469-470. Sydney: Royal Zoological Society of NSW.
Tyrberg, T. (2009). Holocene avian extinctions. In: Turvey, S.T. (editor) (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
USFWS (2010). Fact sheet: Tubercled-Blossom Pearly Mussel (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa). Downloaded on 19 June 2010 from http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/clams/tuber_fc.html.
Üstay, A.H. (1990). Hunting in Turkey. BBA, Istanbul.
Van den Hoek Ostende, L.W. (1999). Amanto - Driven out by trout. 300 Pearls - Museum highlights of natural diversity. Downloaded on 18 December 2005.
Van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J. (2009). Pieris wollastoni. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 26 May 2010.
Van Vuure, C.T. (2003). De Oeros – Het spoor terug, Cis van Vuure, Wageningen University and Research Centrum / Ministry of the Flemish Community, Brussels & Wageningen. (An English version: Van Vuure, C.T. (2005). Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox. Pensoft Publishers. Sofia-Moscow.)
Vinson, J., Vinson, J.-M., (1969). The saurian fauna of the Mascarene Islands. Bull. Mauritius Inst. 6, 203–320.
Vuosalo, E. (1976). Once there was a tiger. Wildlife Mar: 126- 130 (Teheran).
Williams, M. I. & D. V. Steadman (2001): The historic and prehistoric distribution of parrots (Psittacidae) in the West Indies. Pp 175-489 in Biogeography of the West Indies: patterns and perspectives. 2nd ed. (Woods, C. A. & F. E. Sergile, eds.) Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
WWF 2007. Rare dolphin spotted in the Yangtze River. 31 August 2007 (available online). Downloaded on 16 September 2007.
Yamaguchi, N. (2005) The identity of the Royal lion of Morocco: a recent development in molecular investigation. Afr Lion News 6:23–26.
Yamaguchi, N. & Haddane, B. (2002). The North African Barbary lion and the Atlas Lion Project. International Zoo News 49: 465-481.
Zawadzki, M. (2010). Remarks on Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi (L. MÜLLER, 1927), an extinct subspecies of the Balearic lizard. www.lacerta.de. Downloaded on 1 December 2010 from: http://www.lacerta.de/AS/Artikel.php?Article=110.
ZMA (2010). History of the mammals department. Website Zoological Museum Amsterdam. Downloaded on 19 June 2010 from http://www.kinderlezingen.nl/zma/collections.cfm/C402CC06-3ED4-4FA5-96EDD12E1CE7531A.
|